Effects of dietary ethoxyquin on growth,feed utilization and residue in the muscle of juvenile Japanese seabass,Lateolabrax japonicus

Ethoxyquin (EQ) is the most common synthetic antioxidant used for preventing rancidity in fish foodstuffs. However, literature related to the effects of dietary EQ on performance of fish was limited. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of EQ on performance and EQ residue in muscle of juvenile Japanese seabass Lateolabrax japonicus and to estimate the optimal EQ concentration in the diet. Graded levels [0 (control), 50, 150, 450 and 1350 mg EQ kg^?1 diet] of EQ were added to the basal diet, resulting in five dietary treatments in the experiment. Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of seabass (initial body weight 8.01 ± 0.76 g) for 12 weeks in floating sea cages (1.5 × 1.5 × 2.0 m, 30 fish per cage). Survival ranged from 78.9 to 86.7%, and was irrespective of dietary EQ levels. The specific growth rate (SGR) of fish fed diets supplemented with ≤50 mg kg^?1 EQ had significantly (P < 0.05) higher SGR than fish fed diets supplemented with ≥150 mg kg^?1 EQ, the highest SGR was observed in fish fed diet with 50 mg kg^?1 EQ supplementation. Feed intake (FI) and feed efficiency (FE) were not significantly (P > 0.05) different among dietary treatments. Fish fed diets with 50 and 1350 mg kg^?1 EQ had a significant (P < 0.05) lower body lipid content than fish in the control group. Muscle EQ level significantly increased when dietary EQ increased. Optimal EQ concentration estimated by polynomial regression based on maximum growth of juvenile Japanese seabass was 13.78 mg kg^?1 diet.     

饲料蛋白水平对鲈鱼生长、体组成及蛋白酶活力的影响

以初始体重为(34.15±0.33)g的鲈鱼Lateolabrax japonicus为研究对象,鱼粉和酪蛋白作为蛋白源,设计并制成蛋白质梯度分别为35%、40%、45%、50%、55%的5组配合饲料,进行为期56 d的生长试验,探讨配合饲料中不同蛋白质水平对鲈鱼生长、体组成及蛋白酶活力的影响。结果表明,各组鲈鱼存活率为91.7%-96.7%,无显著差异(P0.05);随着饲料蛋白质水平的提高,鲈鱼的特定生长率逐渐升高,当饲料蛋白质水平达到45%时趋于稳定,且饲料蛋白45%、50%、55%组试验的特定生长率显著高于35%组(P0.05);蛋白质沉积率呈先上升后下降的趋势,当饲料蛋白质水平达到45%时达到最大值;饲料蛋白质水平对鲈鱼鱼体水分含量无显著性影响(P0.05),鲈鱼鱼体粗蛋白含量随着饲料蛋白水平提高而增加,粗灰分、粗脂肪含量则呈减少趋势;随饲料蛋白质水平提高,胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶的活性呈升高趋势,肝脏组织中谷草转氨酶的活性呈现升高趋势,而谷丙转氨酶的活性没有显著性变化(P0.05)。饲料中蛋白水平为45.00%-45.89%,其生长及蛋白沉积率最高。     

鹰嘴豆象与四纹豆象的分子检测技术

结合聚合酶链反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)和酶切方法,对鹰嘴豆象Callosobruchus analis(Fabricius)和四纹豆象Callosobruchus maculatus(Fabricius)的分子检测技术进行了研究。根据两种豆象m tDNACOⅠ基因序列的比对结果设计了2对特异性PCR引物,并筛选到2个特异性内切酶SnaⅠ和MboⅠ,通过PCR反应(最适退火温度为55℃)和PCR产物的酶切反应检测2个近缘种。可靠性检测表明,2对引物针对不同地理种群和个体以及不同DNA浓度的鹰嘴豆象和四纹豆象均能扩增出相应的目的条带。限制性内切酶验证结果表明,PCR技术具有较高的准确性和灵敏度,弥补了形态鉴定的不足。     

太湖花产卵类型的确定及繁殖前后鱼体成分的变化

对25对池塘回养花（Hemibarbus maculatus Bleeker）（雄鱼平均体长25cm,平均体重247.9g;雌鱼平均体长25.8cm,平均体重278.8g）繁殖前后体成份的变化进行了测定,并确定了其产卵类型。结果显示,繁殖后亲鱼的粗脂肪含量比繁殖前低了32.14%;粗蛋白含量则升高13.19%;灰分变化不大,水分略呈下降趋势。卵径分布频率结果显示,花属于一次分批产卵类型。     

Chemical Composition and Bioactivity of Lippia adoensis Hochst ex. Walp (Verneneaceae) Leaf Essential Oil Against Callosobruchus maculatus Fabricius (Coleoptera：Chrysomelidae)

Essential oil(EO) of Nigeria-grown Lippia adoensis leaf was analyzed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry(GCMS) and its fumigant and repellent properties against Callosobruchus maculatus were evaluated. Sixteen compounds predominated by monoterpenes were identified. The major compounds were Eucalyptol(28.36%), α-Terpineol(25.99%), γ-Terpinene(15.24%), α-Pinene(5.08%), 1H-Cyclopropa[a]naphthalene(4.25%) and 1, 3, 6, 10-Dodecatetraene(3.74%). Percentage mortality due to fumigant toxicity was dose- and exposure period-dependent. One hour after treatment(HAT), application of L. adoensis leaf EO at 107 μL· L~(-1) air caused significantly(p?0.05) higher mortality(50.00%) than 0.00% mortality observed at 0-53 μL· L~(-1) air, but not significantly(p?0.05) different from 22.50% observed in 80 μL· L~(-1) air. At 3 HAT, application of L. adoensis EO at 80 μL· L~(-1)air caused significantly higher mortality(90.00 %) than mortality observed at 0 μL· L~(-1) air. At 6 HAT, application of L. adoensis EO at 53-107 μL· L~(-1) air caused significantly higher mortality(100.00 %) than that was observed in the control. The same trend was observed at 12 HAT where 100 % mortality observed in 27-107 μL· L~(-1) air was significantly greater than 13.33 % observed in the control. At 3 HAT, percentage repellence was significantly(p0.05) affected by doses. Application of EO at 10-30 μL· cm~(-2) caused class V repellence(86.67%-100%) compared with the control which caused class I repellence(0-20%).     

Effects of dietary calcium levels on growth and tissue mineralization in Japanese seabass,Lateolabrax japonicus

A feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of different levels of calcium (Ca) on growth and tissue mineralization in Japanese seabass, Lateolabrax japonicus. Six experimental diets were formulated to contain different levels of Ca (2.9, 4.2, 6.5, 7.9, 10.2 and 31.0 g kg^?1) from dietary ingredients and Ca‐lactate·5H₂O. The diets were fed to three triplicate groups of Japanese seabass (initial weight, 12.5 ± 0.0 g) for 56 days. Dietary Ca had no significant effect on survival or feed efficiency; however, the highest Ca (31.0 g kg^?1) diet significantly reduced weight gain, feeding rate and whole‐body and muscle protein and lipid contents, as well as serum Ca concentration and alkaline phosphatase activity. A significant reduction in vertebral Ca, P, Zn, Fe and Mn contents and scale Ca, P, Mg and Mn contents was observed in Japanese seabass as dietary Ca level increased. Deformed fish were primarily found in the 2.9 and 31.0 g Ca kg^?1 groups, indicating that these fish had poor bone mineralization.     

晶体氨基酸提高混合动物蛋白替代花鲈饲料中鱼粉的潜力

实验以鸡肉粉∶牛肉骨粉∶喷雾血球干燥粉∶水解羽毛粉=40∶35∶20∶5的比例组成的混合动物蛋白(animal protein blend,APB)分别直接替代或在补充赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、苏氨酸后替代花鲈饲料中50%、75%、100%的低温干燥鱼粉,研究其对花鲈生长及生理功能的影响。经过8周的饲养后发现,花鲈的生长性能随替代比例的提高而降低;摄食含APB饲料的花鲈,其成活率,摄食率和生长性能均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。与APB直接替代鱼粉的处理组相比,添加3种必需晶体氨基酸极显著提高了花鲈的生长性能及全鱼蛋白、脂肪、能量含量(P<0.01),显著降低了花鲈的全鱼水分、灰分,肝指数及脏体比(P<0.05)。晶体氨基酸与APB的替代水平对花鲈的生长性能、形体指标及体组成成分存在显著的交互作用(P<0.05)。实验结果表明,(1)混合动物蛋白替代初始体重为13.2 g的花鲈饲料中白鱼粉的比例应小于50%;(2)添加必需晶体氨基酸能显著提高APB在花鲈饲料中的应用潜力;(3)花鲈具备一定的利用晶体氨基酸的能力。     

Efficacy of Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg extracts on contact mortality,repellency, oviposition deterrency and fumigant toxicity of Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera:Bruchidae)

Callosobruchus maculatus (F.), a major pest of grain legumes, causes considerable losses worldwide. C. maculatus management relies on synthetic insecticides with their adverse environmental and health concerns. The current study investigated the use of Artocarpus altilis (breadfruit) extracts on contact and fumigant toxicity, repellency and oviposition deterrency of C. maculatus as a management strategy. Fumigant mortality (LC₅₀) of the dry inflorescence extract of A. altilis was 126.65 µL L^?1 air at 53.4 h. Fruit extract gave 73.3% repellency at 1000 ppm after 24 h. Percent repellency was dose and time dependent. Green inflorescence extract of A. altilis reduced egg laying with 50% oviposition occurring after 37.78 h at 1000 ppm. We conclude that extracts of leaf, fruit, green and dried inflorescence of A. altilis displayed contact mortality, repellency, deterred oviposition and had fumigant activity toward C. maculatus.     

Effects of exogenous multienzyme complex supplementation in diets on growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and non‐specific immunity of the Japanese seabass,Lateolabrax japonicus

This experiment aimed to investigate the effects of exogenous multienzyme complex (EC) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and non‐specific immunity of the Japanese seabass, Lateolabrax japonicus (initial weight 27.09 ± 0.08 g). EC includes protease, xylanase, glucanase and mannase. Japanese seabass were given six levels of EC (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 g/kg) for 28 days. Results show that EC significantly enhanced the weight gain rate and specific growth rate (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio reduced significantly (p < .05). Activities of lipase and trypsin in liver and intestine significantly increased (p < .05). Alkaline phosphatase, superoxide dismutase and lysozyme activities in serum and liver significantly increased (p < .05), while the content of malondialdehyde in liver significantly declined (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the optimal supplementation of EC in WGR, SGR, FCR, SOD and LZM activity in serum was 1.66, 1.67, 1.81, 1.71 and 1.53 g/kg, respectively, while the best SOD, LZM activity in liver, trypsin activity in liver and intestine supplement were 1.64, 1.51, 1.81 and 1.97 g/kg. In conclusion, EC supplemented can improve the growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and non‐specific immunity of Japanese seabass, and it is recommended that the optimal supplementation of EC in diets of Japanese seabass is 1.5–2.0 g/kg.     

盐度对花鲈幼鱼鳃、脾及肌肉组织结构的影响

为了探究不同盐度对花鲈(Lateolabrax maculatus)幼鱼组织结构的影响，用组织学方法对不同盐度条件下(0、10、15、20、30)花鲈幼鱼的鳃、脾及肌肉组织结构进行研究。结果显示，盐度为0时，花鲈幼鱼鳃丝排列紧密，顶端膨大呈棒状，鳃小片细胞饱满，有少量泌氯细胞。花鲈幼鱼鳃丝宽度随盐度的升高而缩小，鳃小片间距则逐渐增大，差异显著(P<0.05)；盐度为20时，部分鳃小片变形脱落，鳃丝上的泌氯细胞明显增多增大；盐度为30时，鳃丝宽度较大，出现断裂脱落，鳃丝上细胞排列疏松，泌氯细胞明显膨大，有溶解现象。脾脏在淡水条件下(盐度为0)，淋巴细胞数目较少，血细胞较多；在低盐环境中(盐度为10、15)，淋巴细胞增大，数量增多，黑色素巨噬细胞中心数量增加；在高盐度下(盐度为30)，脾细胞和部分淋巴细胞出现肿大、空泡化现象，细胞排列疏松。盐度为0时，花鲈幼鱼肌纤维排列较为疏松，多角形或长椭圆形，长径和短径较大、密度较小；盐度为15时，肌纤维短径变小、密度增大，与0、10盐度组均差异显著，盐度为30时，肌纤维长径增大、密度减小；随着盐度的增加，肌纤维长径和短径均有先减小后增加的趋势，单位面积肌纤维数量则先增加后减小，差异显著(P<0.05)。结果表明，花鲈幼鱼鳃、脾及肌肉组织结构变化特征与其所处的环境盐度有关。